![]() It was then removed, and its exterior was wiped. The solution in the tube was mixed and left in the heat block for a minimum of 7 - 8 seconds. Then, 200 μL of the PT reagent was poured into the tube containing the rabbit plasma, and simultaneously stop watch was started. Normal rabbit plasm, 100 μL was poured into the test tubes and at least one minute was allowed for the plasma to reach 37˚C. The level of the thromboplastin was not allowed to exceed the height of the heat block. One to two mls of the tissue thromboplastin- CaCl 2 reagent (PT reagent) was pipetted into a test tube, and the test tube placed into an incubator at 37˚C. The reagents were mixed well prior to pipetting any of them reagent at any step in this procedure. The sample was allowed to sit 10 - 15 minutes and was than inverted gently several times. The thromboplastin reagent was stabile for seven days after reconstitution. Tissue thromboplastin was reconstituted according to instructions and was labeled with the time, date and initials of the technician. The obtained plasma was separated and was used for the PT and PTT testing. ![]() Blood samples from these rabbits were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3,000 rpm. The other reagents and chemicals of analytical grade were purchased from Fluka and Merck.īlood samples were extracted from 10 healthy young rabbits of both sexes with no history of blood disease. Calcium chloride (CaCl 2) and protrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Kit products were purchased from Fisher Diagnostics (Germany). Sephadex G-50 was purchased from Pharmacia (Sweden). Lyophilized BV was prepared at the Venomous Animals Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute, and was kept at - 20˚C. īecause, most human deaths resulting from one or a few bee stings are due to allergic reactions, heart failure, or suffocation from swelling around the neck or the mouth, as compared with other human diseases, accidents and other unusual cases, deaths dues to bee stings are rare, indicating that BV is very safe for treating diseases in humans. On the other hand, BV acupuncture and melittin have been used to control neuropathy caused by cancer chemotherapy. ![]() Thus, melittin, a powerful anti-cancer peptide, might be a better choice than whole BV for treating various diseases. However, no differences between the cancer incidences in normal humans and beekeepers have been reported. īV has also been reported to act against different types of cancers in cell and animal experiments. Reports have been published on the use of BV to treat patients with different degenerative diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Individual BV components can be used to achieve definite biological effects, and due to its having different effects on the central and the peripheral nervous systems (PNS), BV can be used to treat patients with different heart conditions. ![]() The mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide and PLA 2 are the two most toxic components in BV. Sugars have been identified in some BV preparations, but if BV is collected with a collector to prevent the contamination by pollen and nectar, it does not contain carbohydrates. īV also contains smaller quantities of low molecular compounds that are different in nature: amino acids, catecholamines, sugars and minerals. Melittin has a molecular weight of 2,840 Daltons, but it can reach 12,500 Daltons because it can also be in a tetrameric form. BV also has numerous polypeptides, the main one being melittin, which is also the main component of BV and has many positive biological effects and a relatively low toxicity. Polypeptides are smaller in molecular weight than enzymes and are made of two or more amino acids. Įnzymes are proteins catalyzing specific reactions, and contains five enzymes. The compositions of fresh and dried bee venom (BV) differ mainly in regards to the volatile components however, the overall biological activities are similar. HBV is a complex mixture of enzymes and polypeptides with low molecular weights, and it has been reported to contain the enzymes phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2), hyaluronidase, phosphomonoesterase acid esterase, α-D-glucosidase, lysopphospholipase, α-galactosidase, α-acetylamino-deosiglucosidase and arylamidase. Honey bee venom (HBV, Apis mellifera) is a bitter, colorless liquid, and its active portion contains a mixture of proteins that, cause local inflammation and act as anti-coagulants. ![]()
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